We invite original research that will offer technical, legal, policy or military perspectives on the above questions. We particularly welcome papers focusing on, but not limited to, the following substantive areas:

• The role of international organisations, states and non-state actors in cyber security
• The changing role of states in cyberspace
• Norms and standards to enhance security in cyberspace
• Frameworks for collaboration and information-sharing
• Cross-border dependencies, trans-border access to data
• Military doctrine development, cyberspace as a domain of warfare
• Critical information infrastructure and supply chain security
• Cyber security aspects of 5G technologies and military use of 5G technology
• Crisis management and military-civilian cooperation in cyberspace
• State-led cyber operations, offensive/defensive aspects
• Use of AI technology in state-led cyber operations and/or in crisis management
• Malign information campaigns in and through cyberspace
• Online education and new technologies for cyber exercises and cyber ranges
• Remote work and its cyber security implications
• International law responses to crisis situations
• Electronic surveillance in crisis management (national security/privacy implications)
• Due diligence and state responsibility for prevention of harm to other states
• Emergence of new norms in international law
• Internet of Things
• Vulnerability disclosure
• Cyber-physical systems security
• Critical infrastructure protection (incl. data diodes, IDS, industrial protocols and smart grids, 4G and 5G networks, traffic and transportation)
• Malwares and botnets
• Hardware and software vulnerability mitigation
• Attacks on blockchain, smart contracts and DApps
• Artificial intelligence and cognitive cyber security (incl. data mining and machine learning, and AI-supported cyber attacks)
• Artificial intelligence training
• Cyber threats against and in the space domain – cross-domain dependencies
• NATO’s cyber defence – emerging and disruptive threats; use of AI technology